So, today we have beautiful weather - the sun at Wimbledon, rain at Silverstone. Fanatastic start with Hamilton. I will spend the duration of the British Grand Prix read and reply to comments on 'Smoke Post It'. If you are not happy with the response, keep in mind my rules of this blog. If I will be completely ignored, probably because you've crossed the line between passionate defense of your case, which is fine by me, and be gratuitously offensive, which is not. And although, as you say, I was elected representative - I voters in Bristol East, and is accountable to them rather than the entire British electorate. Tripartite obtain different levels of service they receive by writing me an e-mail me or come to me in one of my operation - that just as it should be. (To one person, who asked if he could see me - yes, if you live in Bristol East. I'm pretty sure that all the MPs voted in Bristol for a complete ban, so if you live elsewhere in the city, you can do the same points to who your representative is not elected).
What I did this to cut and paste all the comments in a separate document - which runs at 102 pages. I'm going to read, delete those that do not need (or may not deserve) the answer. Then I summarize the key themes, as well as respond to them en masse, rather than on individual contributions. I will spend up to two hours on it, until the Grand Prix is over - and to prove, I devote this much time, I insert a running commentary on the progess of Hamilton. He had just overtaken by Kovalainen.
The first point - my comments on these responses to be organized in the woods or other pro-smoking / Pro choice groups. I am simply pointing out that these were people who had a very strong position on this issue, and do not represent a cross section of views. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that recent newspaper articles about the success of the smoking ban, citing data on heart attacks, public support, etc., have attracted only a few comments. This is because they are a moderator? Or is it more fun handing abuses MP than anonymous journalist?
The second point - Godwin's Law. References to Nazis, etc. appalling. We are talking about banning smoking in bars and clubs mean that people should stand at the threshold - perhaps in the cold and rain, admittedly - if they want to smoke a cigarette during the alignment. And - perhaps - some bars and clubs close. This compares with the millions of people to be arrested and sent to concentration camps and gas chambers, and hunger and shot? (See also "Hitler was a vegetarian argument ').
The third point - the scientific evidence on passive smoking was reviewed and discussed at greater length to the Parliament voted on the ban. I considered it carefully, in particular, evidence or there is no better ventilation or smoking to achieve the same goal. I have been and remain convinced that secondhand smoke poses a real threat to public health. I Blogged about the dangers to the Citation of scientific evidence in policy, since each side can usually find the facts and figures that support their own prejudices (eg choosing a badger on GM crops in the field of nuclear energy, and it is only a few questions) . All we can do as politicians is to try to be open to the possibility, read the information available, try to determine what evidence a truly independent (as opposed to funded by the tobacco industry or the pharmaceutical industry) and to handlers from people whose opinions we respect ( For example, in this case, Dr Ian Gibson and Doug Naysmith, two members with extensive experience in the field of health and as a scientific backgrounds). Which I did. I do not think that quote from ash deny anything I have said here or in previous posts. In the end, I did not change its decision regarding (a) the dangers of smoking, (b) the health benefits of smoking cessation, and (c) the risk of passive smoking. Without a doubt, you accuse me of ignoring the evidence, I do not, I do not think it is authoritative or coercion.
The fourth point - for me, passive smoking and its impact on bar and restaurant staff was only one factor affecting my support of the ban on smoking in public places. This is obviously not going to make me very popular among supporters of the forest, but I subscribe to the view that smoking is something that should not be encouraged. Can any of you say that smoking is good, that it should be encouraged? You comfortable with the fact that British American Tobacco is now pushing their product on children in developing countries, selling one cigarette in an attempt to get them hooked? You say that this is a matter of choice. For you, yes. But my priority to young impressionable people that I do not want to see smoking. They probably do so if they see something like a silent society promotes. And the point of McDonald's - I think it's a bad analogy, the government criticized manufacturers Junk Food, and taking certain actions against them as part of the obesity drive (for example, pre-watershed ban on advertising junk food and vending machines in schools). The difference lies in the fact that smoking is addictive. If someone said their consumption of junk food harms their health, they can abandon it with little faith. When my grandmother was diagnosed with lung cancer she was completely unable to quit smoking after almost 60 years of smoking. I remember her on her deathbed as she wasted away, the question "How long will it take to die?" She died at 73, and her three sisters died at 98, 100 and 101. My partner's uncle, who spent most of his working life at production line at the factory, where all the smokers died from lung cancer two years ago, in her fifties, a few months after diagnosis. My father - who smoked, and cakes have always insisted that the link between cancer and smoking, and cancer and nutrition has not proved '- died of cancer ten years ago this week. He was 56. So that's where I'm going with.
The fifth point - I was involved in discussions on the subject until 2005 the Labor Party's election manifesto, in fact, I advocated a complete ban on Labor's national policy forum for several years before that, but John Reid won on this occasion. I agree, so it was wrong of the Government whips have pushed the total ban through Parliament, given that it was not a manifesto commitment, but they did not have a free vote. Parliament votes all the time on issues that are not in the election manifesto of the ruling party - for example, the last free voice in the Human Fertilization and Embryology Bill. So we pledged to introduce a partial ban, and it was a free vote on whether to take it further.
The sixth point - John Reid is often made the point 'class' to describe smoking as one of the few "working-class pleasures. I do not agree with him then, and I do not agree with him. I really think it is just as patronizing to say, you protect the working class of pleasure as it meant that the working class must be saved from themselves. I do not distinguish between those who smoke. I just think it's a bit disingenuous for the forest to push that line, when their ideas effectively to meet in political lobbying Private Members Club in Belgravia and host champagne tea in the Commons.
The seventh point - the public support for the ban. I quoted the figures widely reported in the press, and I do not think that in any case, you say, you have the support of the majority? I can only base it on published figures (and I have cited references for those), and what I saw in his constituency. I have almost no complaints - two, I think - since the ban, and one of them was the one who said he was not allowed to smoke in their own homes longer. It does not appear on the threshold of a (once, I think). As I said earlier, my office is located above the work of the club, in which we adhere to our local party meetings. Customers were not complained to me. I confess, I had a couple of emails recently about the potential impact on earnings the corner store, if cigarettes should be kept under the counter, and a package of ten prohibited; shopkeepers tell me that 25% of their profits are based on cigarette sales. I have sympathy with them if they are faced with the threat to their existence, but given that I think smoking is something that should not be encouraged, I can not quite accept the fact that their earnings from trade in cigarettes. We can not continue to promote sales of cigarettes just to keep them in business. (And just to reiterate, I am not saying that people should not be allowed to smoke, I do not think we should encourage this. I am not interested to get people to give up, but I want to make it easier for them, and I definitely want to be young people are not taking it.) I think this also answers the point about why I do not think that separate bars for smokers is a good idea.
The eighth point - I know a lot of smokers, and they all support the ban. Some do not support him before his presentation, but I do now. Some of them actually said that they prefer to be in non-smoky pubs, even if they smoke themselves. I have not approached one landlord in East Bristol about the impact on their business. I was told, dry Cleaners business also suffered, and clothes people are no longer smells of smoke after the evening. So we must reverse the ban just to keep them in business? It makes no sense. In Ireland, my father lives in a very rural part of Carlow (not to be confused with "daddy" I mentioned earlier, who was my stepfather at the age from two), and he says that this is actually the government crackdown drink - driving who have had the greatest impact on his local pub, not a ban on smoking which came before. Old Boys, who would be evicted from their villages in a pub in the evenings now stay home and drink alone. What a sad, but it means the Irish authorities should ignore the drink-driving?
Anyway, I spent two hours on this, Hamilton has won (and I missed a phenomenal race).
I do not expect to make someone happy by what I said. And what happens now - you, of course, free to make comments on this post, which you undoubtedly will. I'm not going to close the blog down, but I'm not going to extend the discussion, responding to comments, we just end up going in circles. I'll start moderating comments, if necessary. And I will delete any comments about smoking in the smoking related posts. As I said, I am not prepared to allow this blog to be abducted by supporters of a cause, especially not one with which I so strongly disagree.
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Russian elite smokers prefer cigarettes
Russian consumers prefer high quality cigarettes, it was noted, tobacco producers. Manufacturers, in response to this trend, offering smokers more elite products: premium, especially premium and super size Slims.
St. Petersburg tobacco factory Petro, 100% owned by the company JTI, described the launch of new premium cigarettes, Camel Natural Flavor. Filling for a new cigarette is a combination of American and Virginia tobacco varieties that differs from these conventional cigarettes Camel, which belongs to the category of American Blend. As promised producers, unlike other brands of cigarettes on the market, primarily contain additions (vanilla, guava), Camel Natural Flavor are made of whole tobacco leaf, and contain no flavorings.
After the introduction of new tobacco excise tax, it has become unprofitable for many producers of cigarettes in the production of inexpensive cigarettes without filter. Rise in price of cheap cigarettes with a slight increase in cigarette prices high quality led to the following: the smokers began to smoke more expensive cigarettes. It should be noted that in the tobacco line, there is competition among cigarette manufacturers of high class. Thus, in February 2007, the two leaders of the tobacco market, Philip Morris and British American Tobacco announced the launch of a new brand Super Slims.
In May, BAT Russia launched a new brand of cigarettes Kent Nanotek premium on the Russian market. Kent Nanotek was presented in two versions: Kent Nanotek Neo in a black pack, and Kent Nanotek Infina in silver upgrade with different content of tar and nicotine content.
St. Petersburg tobacco factory Petro, 100% owned by the company JTI, described the launch of new premium cigarettes, Camel Natural Flavor. Filling for a new cigarette is a combination of American and Virginia tobacco varieties that differs from these conventional cigarettes Camel, which belongs to the category of American Blend. As promised producers, unlike other brands of cigarettes on the market, primarily contain additions (vanilla, guava), Camel Natural Flavor are made of whole tobacco leaf, and contain no flavorings.
After the introduction of new tobacco excise tax, it has become unprofitable for many producers of cigarettes in the production of inexpensive cigarettes without filter. Rise in price of cheap cigarettes with a slight increase in cigarette prices high quality led to the following: the smokers began to smoke more expensive cigarettes. It should be noted that in the tobacco line, there is competition among cigarette manufacturers of high class. Thus, in February 2007, the two leaders of the tobacco market, Philip Morris and British American Tobacco announced the launch of a new brand Super Slims.
In May, BAT Russia launched a new brand of cigarettes Kent Nanotek premium on the Russian market. Kent Nanotek was presented in two versions: Kent Nanotek Neo in a black pack, and Kent Nanotek Infina in silver upgrade with different content of tar and nicotine content.
Marlboro Cigarettes
Amazing brand of Marlboro cigarettes began in England in 1847 and was originally aimed at female smokers. Aiming at this market segment was not successful, so in 1920, Marlboro was again targeted at women smokers in the United States. During this campaign, it was stressed that a Marlboro cigarette, soft. These efforts continued until the Second World War, when the brand finally took off the market.
In 1950, Marlboro was reintroduced to the market, this time following the stories about the negative aspects of health from smoking. At that time, the vast majority of cigarettes sold were unfiltered. Marlboro cigarettes were filtered, so this was clearly an attempt to win the crowd of conscience of health.
Later, during the 50-ies, the company decided to drop the attack on women and began to promote Marlboro cigarettes as a person. The first icon of this new change in marketing was "Tatooed man" depicted on this page. Various pictures of healthy looking, open type began to appear in ads.
Images used in their ads have evolved more and more to those depicting particularly macho type. In the beginning, images of naval officers and livestock ranches do advertising scene. In 1954, the now well-known 'Marlboro Man' was introduced, and by 1963 was the sole representative of advertising Marlboro.
Around 1972, Marlboro cigarettes became the most popular brand, and remained so for the most part since then.
Although the brand Marlboro, can not be ranked in the top longer, it still retains a cost of over $ 21 billion. This figure places it above such brands as American Express, Hewlett-Packard, and Gillette.
Marlboro naming scheme during the transitional period
In mid-August 2006 a federal district court ruled that the names of 'Light', 'ALS', "natural" or "mild" can not be used. The judge said that these names were smokers misleading in the sense that they gave some positive health effects. The ruling further provides that the name change should happen in early 2007.
Tentatively, Philip Morris decided to use a color-naming scheme of its products, which were previously used swear words in the name of your product. Given that, they decided that Marlboro Lights Marlboro will be called gold, and that will be called ALS Marlboro Marlboro Silvers. We understand that these changes will also affect the families of Marlboro cigarettes sold in our popular duty-free shop.
In 1950, Marlboro was reintroduced to the market, this time following the stories about the negative aspects of health from smoking. At that time, the vast majority of cigarettes sold were unfiltered. Marlboro cigarettes were filtered, so this was clearly an attempt to win the crowd of conscience of health.
Later, during the 50-ies, the company decided to drop the attack on women and began to promote Marlboro cigarettes as a person. The first icon of this new change in marketing was "Tatooed man" depicted on this page. Various pictures of healthy looking, open type began to appear in ads.
Images used in their ads have evolved more and more to those depicting particularly macho type. In the beginning, images of naval officers and livestock ranches do advertising scene. In 1954, the now well-known 'Marlboro Man' was introduced, and by 1963 was the sole representative of advertising Marlboro.
Around 1972, Marlboro cigarettes became the most popular brand, and remained so for the most part since then.
Although the brand Marlboro, can not be ranked in the top longer, it still retains a cost of over $ 21 billion. This figure places it above such brands as American Express, Hewlett-Packard, and Gillette.
Marlboro naming scheme during the transitional period
In mid-August 2006 a federal district court ruled that the names of 'Light', 'ALS', "natural" or "mild" can not be used. The judge said that these names were smokers misleading in the sense that they gave some positive health effects. The ruling further provides that the name change should happen in early 2007.
Tentatively, Philip Morris decided to use a color-naming scheme of its products, which were previously used swear words in the name of your product. Given that, they decided that Marlboro Lights Marlboro will be called gold, and that will be called ALS Marlboro Marlboro Silvers. We understand that these changes will also affect the families of Marlboro cigarettes sold in our popular duty-free shop.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Passed over in silence medicine, or why we smoke
Writer Andrew Malinin, one of the most influential researchers in Russia, the history of tobacco in his book "Tobacco. Passed over in silence the Ministry of Health "asks this question: America has given the Old World more than a thousand plant products: potatoes, coffee, quinine, tomatoes, corn, tobacco ... but only one of them was so huge spread - the tobacco, why?
Malinin himself in no hurry to answer this question - as a real scholar, he knows: exactly this question - half of the answer.
So why - tobacco? Potatoes, tomatoes, corn - is clear: food. Coffee - a stimulant. Quinine - a drug. Tobacco - every little bit: he might stifle the appetite, and clean the brains, and cheer up, and relieve pain. But, apparently, and something else. Strictly speaking, we do not smoke tobacco, smoke combustion products of tobacco leaf - ie smoke.
Prof. Igor Moiseyev, gendiretkor Pogarskij cigarette, cigar factory, wrote in his monograph, "Tobacco and the tobacco industry. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow ":
"Tobacco smoke is hot (cigarette, cigarette) and cold (pipe, hookah), but any cigarette smoke contains up to 2000 solid, liquid and gaseous chemical compounds, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic properties."
All 2,000 compounds, at least, unsound. And some are dangerous. Alkaloids and nicotine - among the latter. One cigarette contains up to one milligram of nicotine. As some argue, this dose, injected intravenously, is enough to kill.
But we are continuing to smoke!
Doctors from the American College Baylor led by prof. John Dani, argue that to understand why a person is doing it: nicotine is able to significantly improve memory and speed up the transmission of intercellular signals in the brain. The rate of pulses in the brain of mice, which was injected into the body nicotine, compared with a control group of rodents was higher by nearly 200%. In addition, scientists have expressed an interesting theory of psychological (as is known, is as strong as it is physical) dependence on smoking. It turns out that a smoker reaches for a cigarette in a circle of friends, after dinner or conversation in the bar, guilty of the very useful properties of harmful substances.
Admission nicotine allows the brain to work faster, forcing centers to capture the memory of the circumstances under which it occurs, as positive. Thus, in the brain actually is printed: "Smoking is good!" "Nicotine teaches us to smoke, so how the brain perceives it as an absolute benefit of the body," - commented Professor Dani.
Even in 2006, data were obtained, according to which smokers was 70% lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Nicotine significantly reduced and the rate of development of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it improves the condition of patients with ulcerative colitis and removes pain in many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is believed that smokers rarely develop allergic reactions. Actually, this cigar on the portal have already written to Dr. Rozanov.
These American studies cited by me on the Russian source (infox.ru). It was given another one that confused me, figure: the nicotine content of cigarettes is 300 milligrams.
The figure seemed otherworldly. And I called Nadezhda Puzdrovoy, k.teh.nauk, which leads to the factory Pogarskij scientific field (and also the laboratory for the study of tobacco is probably one of the best in Russia).
"The content of nicotine in cigarettes is really 0,8-1 mg. As for cigars, there is a big problem - in the world there is no single standard smoking cigars and single assessment methodology.
Why not adapt the machine for prokurivaniya cigarettes to cigars? "A cigar and cigar smoker's behavior is worse amenable to standardization - a lot of cigar sizes, smoking a cigar in different ways - someone frequent drags on, some deep, but rare, and so No technique, no standard cigar smoking.
However, if the laboratory can not be Public Prosecutor cigar, as is done with cigarettes, it can be tested as he leaves the cigar tobacco - I saw it in the laboratory Pogarskij factory.
"Yes, - confirms N. Puzdrova. - We do it regularly. The proportion of nicotine in the cigar leaf - from 1.3 to 4 percent. Probably in most cigar - the same 4 percent?
"I brought the data on tobacco leaf, - said N. Puzdrova. - The cigars no data.
Probably, the extrapolation from the tobacco leaf in the cigar, twisted a few tobacco leaves, not entirely scientific. But you can do the verification and comparison: cigarette weighs 1 oz. and provides 1 milligram of nicotine. Cigar weighs 20 grams. and provides - albeit crudely and approximately - 20 milligrams of nicotine. But not 300. And most importantly - do not smoke cigars swallowed (or as previously mentioned - drunk) cigar smoker.
Erkin Tuzmukhamedov quoted the chief surgeon of the United States: smoking cigars - not smoking. Although the process is the same: the inhalation of combustion products of tobacco leaf.
Willie Alver argues that cigar is not a matter of nicotine addiction. Agrees with him and Anatoly Rychkov, first vice-president of the Moscow cigar club. I did, solely from personal experience, I can say that there is still addictive. Let not as pronounced as that of cigarette smokers, but it is. At least I do.
Perhaps, in the case of cigars psychologically addictive - scientists claim that alkaloids, which have in small doses, stimulating and stimulating the nervous system, contributing to the development of adrenaline, causing both physical and psychological addiction. Nicotine, being the most powerful neurotoxin in high doses causes paralysis of the nervous system.
At the introductory lecture on September 10 opened the sixth trimester Cigar University, first vice-president of the Moscow cigar club Klepikov Alexander said, referring to the audience: "Any smoking - is harmful. Do not deceive ourselves. But if you have already decided to smoke, then smoking must be the best. Cigar in this regard is the undisputed choice.
Malinin himself in no hurry to answer this question - as a real scholar, he knows: exactly this question - half of the answer.
So why - tobacco? Potatoes, tomatoes, corn - is clear: food. Coffee - a stimulant. Quinine - a drug. Tobacco - every little bit: he might stifle the appetite, and clean the brains, and cheer up, and relieve pain. But, apparently, and something else. Strictly speaking, we do not smoke tobacco, smoke combustion products of tobacco leaf - ie smoke.
Prof. Igor Moiseyev, gendiretkor Pogarskij cigarette, cigar factory, wrote in his monograph, "Tobacco and the tobacco industry. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow ":
"Tobacco smoke is hot (cigarette, cigarette) and cold (pipe, hookah), but any cigarette smoke contains up to 2000 solid, liquid and gaseous chemical compounds, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic properties."
All 2,000 compounds, at least, unsound. And some are dangerous. Alkaloids and nicotine - among the latter. One cigarette contains up to one milligram of nicotine. As some argue, this dose, injected intravenously, is enough to kill.
But we are continuing to smoke!
Doctors from the American College Baylor led by prof. John Dani, argue that to understand why a person is doing it: nicotine is able to significantly improve memory and speed up the transmission of intercellular signals in the brain. The rate of pulses in the brain of mice, which was injected into the body nicotine, compared with a control group of rodents was higher by nearly 200%. In addition, scientists have expressed an interesting theory of psychological (as is known, is as strong as it is physical) dependence on smoking. It turns out that a smoker reaches for a cigarette in a circle of friends, after dinner or conversation in the bar, guilty of the very useful properties of harmful substances.
Admission nicotine allows the brain to work faster, forcing centers to capture the memory of the circumstances under which it occurs, as positive. Thus, in the brain actually is printed: "Smoking is good!" "Nicotine teaches us to smoke, so how the brain perceives it as an absolute benefit of the body," - commented Professor Dani.
Even in 2006, data were obtained, according to which smokers was 70% lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Nicotine significantly reduced and the rate of development of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it improves the condition of patients with ulcerative colitis and removes pain in many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is believed that smokers rarely develop allergic reactions. Actually, this cigar on the portal have already written to Dr. Rozanov.
These American studies cited by me on the Russian source (infox.ru). It was given another one that confused me, figure: the nicotine content of cigarettes is 300 milligrams.
The figure seemed otherworldly. And I called Nadezhda Puzdrovoy, k.teh.nauk, which leads to the factory Pogarskij scientific field (and also the laboratory for the study of tobacco is probably one of the best in Russia).
"The content of nicotine in cigarettes is really 0,8-1 mg. As for cigars, there is a big problem - in the world there is no single standard smoking cigars and single assessment methodology.
Why not adapt the machine for prokurivaniya cigarettes to cigars? "A cigar and cigar smoker's behavior is worse amenable to standardization - a lot of cigar sizes, smoking a cigar in different ways - someone frequent drags on, some deep, but rare, and so No technique, no standard cigar smoking.
However, if the laboratory can not be Public Prosecutor cigar, as is done with cigarettes, it can be tested as he leaves the cigar tobacco - I saw it in the laboratory Pogarskij factory.
"Yes, - confirms N. Puzdrova. - We do it regularly. The proportion of nicotine in the cigar leaf - from 1.3 to 4 percent. Probably in most cigar - the same 4 percent?
"I brought the data on tobacco leaf, - said N. Puzdrova. - The cigars no data.
Probably, the extrapolation from the tobacco leaf in the cigar, twisted a few tobacco leaves, not entirely scientific. But you can do the verification and comparison: cigarette weighs 1 oz. and provides 1 milligram of nicotine. Cigar weighs 20 grams. and provides - albeit crudely and approximately - 20 milligrams of nicotine. But not 300. And most importantly - do not smoke cigars swallowed (or as previously mentioned - drunk) cigar smoker.
Erkin Tuzmukhamedov quoted the chief surgeon of the United States: smoking cigars - not smoking. Although the process is the same: the inhalation of combustion products of tobacco leaf.
Willie Alver argues that cigar is not a matter of nicotine addiction. Agrees with him and Anatoly Rychkov, first vice-president of the Moscow cigar club. I did, solely from personal experience, I can say that there is still addictive. Let not as pronounced as that of cigarette smokers, but it is. At least I do.
Perhaps, in the case of cigars psychologically addictive - scientists claim that alkaloids, which have in small doses, stimulating and stimulating the nervous system, contributing to the development of adrenaline, causing both physical and psychological addiction. Nicotine, being the most powerful neurotoxin in high doses causes paralysis of the nervous system.
At the introductory lecture on September 10 opened the sixth trimester Cigar University, first vice-president of the Moscow cigar club Klepikov Alexander said, referring to the audience: "Any smoking - is harmful. Do not deceive ourselves. But if you have already decided to smoke, then smoking must be the best. Cigar in this regard is the undisputed choice.
Saturday, August 22, 2009
Northwest Indians want no taxation in their sovereign nations
Alison Gottfriedson was no stranger to breaking state and federal laws. She was arrested repeatedly as a teenager in the 1960s and'70s for fishing in areas that were off-limits to Indians. She and her family ultimately won a victory for Indians throughout the Northwest - the right to half of the fish harvest in their traditional fishing areas.
When Gottfriedson died last month at age 57, she was embroiled in yet another battle for Native sovereignty: the right to sell tax-free cigarettes in her smoke shop at Franks Landing, south of Seattle.
In its heyday, cars looped around the garish smoke shop awaiting their turn at the drive-through window, while lines of smokers stretched through the front door, emerging with stacks of cartons of Marlboros, Newports and Camels. Signs boasting rock-bottom prices were posted near tribal paraphernalia, making the message clear: These deals are possible only on Indian land. Federal law states that only Indians can buy tax-free cigarettes, and smoke-shop clerks are required to check IDs. But Gottfriedson - and countless other smoke-shop owners - sold tax-free tobacco to anyone.
It was a lucrative business. Gottfriedson and her husband, Hank, members of the Squaxin Island Tribe, made more than $ 20 million between 2001 and 2007, selling cigarettes to their customers for about half the price they would have cost anywhere else.
But in May 2007, Gottfriedson emerged from her home to find a row of guns pointed at her. A team of federal agents ransacked her smoke shop. Children at the nearby Wa He Lut School, which was largely funded by smoke-shop proceeds, watched the whole thing.
"I've always been controversial, ever since I was a girl," Gottfriedson said just weeks before her death.
Gottfriedson was one of dozens of Pacific Northwest Indians in recent years to face federal charges over the sale of untaxed cigarettes. She was ordered to repay $ 9.2 million in back taxes, but because she used the proceeds to benefit the tribe, the judge - impressed by the respect she enjoyed among Northwestern tribes - sentenced her to only five years' probation. State and federal officials say members of other tribes became cogs in the wheels of international cigarette smuggling operations and spent their profits on lavish homes and luxury cars, all in the name of tribal sovereignty.
According to 2003 estimates by Washington's Liquor Control Board, the state has lost up to $ 223 million each year from the sale of untaxed cigarettes, with 60 percent of that loss due to Indian-owned smoke shops. The battle has been simmering since at least 1980, when a federal court judge ruled that Washington has the right to tax tobacco sold to non-Indians and members of other tribes on the Colville Indian Reservation. Many tribes consider the decision a blow to sovereignty, says Melody McCoy of the Native American Rights Fund in Colorado.
"The court allowed the state taxing jurisdiction to leap over reservation boundaries," she says.
Washington state lawmakers decided in 2001 to negotiate compacts that require tribes to tax cigarettes sold to non-Indians but allow the tribes to keep the tax revenue. Lawmakers hoped the solution would appease the tribes without undercutting non-Indian sellers.
Since then, Washington has increased its tobacco tax to $ 2.025 per pack, the fifth-highest in the country. Even as many tribes sign compacts with the state, prosecutors are cracking down on Indians who sell untaxed smokes.
"If you have a retailer that's not collecting the tax and trumping their own economic interests over the community, I don't see that as sovereignty, I see that as greed," says Tate London, a Tlingit Indian and federal prosecutor.
Washington is a hotbed for counterfeit, smuggled and tax-free cigarettes because of its high tax, and because it shares a long border with Idaho, where sales laws are less stringent. That means smoke-shop owners in Washington can easily transport cheaper cigarettes from Idaho.
The state is also home to 29 federally recognized tribes who have a long history of fighting for rights originally guaranteed by treaties signed in the 1800s. Tribes here don't hold the same reverence for tobacco as do Indians in other regions, but they consider their rights sacred - especially the right to hunt, fish and conduct business in their own way.
There's no difference between the fight for fishing rights and the fight for the right to sell goods and services tax-free on Indian land, says Billy Frank, Gottfriedson's uncle and a respected Indian leader.
"They say Alison owed $ 9 million, but she didn't owe a dime," Frank says. "The federal government violated our sovereign rights."
Frank longs for the day when IndiaElison Gottfriedson was no stranger to breaking the state and federal laws. She was arrested several times as a teenager in the 1960's and 70's for fishing in areas that were outside of the Indians. She and her family eventually won a victory for Indians across the northwestern part - the right to half the harvest of fish in their traditional fishing areas.
When Gottfriedson died last month at the age of 57 years, it was covered by yet another battle for Native sovereignty: the right to sell tax-free cigarettes in his shop to smoke Franks landed south of Seattle.
In its heyday, cars looped around the blinding smoke shop, awaiting their turn at the drive-through window, while a line of smokers through the front door is stretched, resulting in stacks of packages Marlboros, Newports and Camels. Signs boast rock-bottom prices have been deployed near the tribe, making a clear message: These deals are only possible on the Indian lands. Federal law stipulates that only Indians can buy tax-free cigarettes, and smoke-shop employees are required to check identification cards. But Gottfriedson - and countless other smoke-shop owners - sold without a tax on tobacco products to persons.
It was a lucrative business. Gottfriedson and her husband, Hank, are members of the Squaxin Island tribe, made more than $ 20 million between 2001 and 2007, sales of cigarettes to its customers for about half the price they cost anywhere else.
But in May 2007, Gottfriedson emerged from his house to find a line of guns pointed at her. The group of federal agents ransacked her smoke shop. Children in nearby Wa He LUT school, which is largely funded by the smoke-shop revenues, looking at all this.
"I have always been controversial, ever since I was a little girl," Gottfriedson said, just weeks before her death.
Gottfriedson was one of dozens of Indian north-western Pacific Ocean in recent years to face federal charges for selling cigarettes tax-free. She was ordered to pay $ 9.2 million in the back taxes, but because it used the proceeds for the benefit of the tribe, the judge - impressed by the respect it enjoys among the tribes of North-West - sentenced her only five years probation. State and federal officials say members of other tribes became cogs in the wheels of international cigarette smuggling operation, and spent their earnings on lavish houses and luxury cars, all in the name of tribal sovereignty.
2003 is estimated Washington to control alcohol, the state has lost up to $ 223 million a year from the sale of taxable cigarettes, and 60 percent, losses in connection with Indian property smoke shops. The battle was Simmering at least since 1980, when a federal judge ruled that Washington has the right to tax tobacco sold to non-Indians and other tribes on the Colville Indian Reservation. Many tribes consider the decision to strike on the sovereignty, said Melody McCoy of the American Rights Fund in Colorado.
"The court allowed the state tax jurisdiction outside reservation boundaries jump," she said.
Washington state legislators decided in 2001 negotiations on treaties, which require tribal tax cigarettes sold to non-Indians, but also allows tribes to retain tax revenues. Legislators hope that a solution would be to appease the tribes, does not undermine the non-Indian retailers.
Since then, Washington has increased the tobacco tax to $ 2.025 per pack, the fifth largest in the country. Even now, when many tribes to sign treaties with the state, prosecutors are cracking down on the Indians, who sell tax-smokers.
"If you have any retail outlets that do not collect tax and surpass their own economic interests in society, I do not see that as sovereignty, I see as the greed, says Tate London, a Tlingit Indian and a federal prosecutor.
Washington is a hotbed for fraud, and tax-free import of cigarettes because of their high-tax, but also because it shares the border with Idaho, where the sale of the laws are less stringent. This means the smoke-shop owners in Washington is easy to transport cheaper cigarettes from Idaho.
The state also is home to 29 recognized federal tribes, who have a long history of fighting for the rights originally guaranteed by treaties signed in 1800. The tribes here did not hold the same reverence to tobacco as the Indians in other regions, but they consider their sacred rights - in particular the right to hunt, fish and conduct business in its own way.
There is no difference between the fight for the rights to fish, and the struggle for the right to sell goods and services without a tax on Indian land, said Billy Frank, Gottfriedson uncle and respected leader of the Indians.
"They say Alison debt of $ 9 million, but it is not obliged to a penny," said Frank. "The federal government has violated our sovereign rights."
Frank aspires to the day when Indians would be able to sell products on their own land, without regard to the external tax laws. This may seem impossible now, but Frank is widely regarded as the driving force of tribal fishing rights in the north-western Pacific Ocean. He saw the impossible happen before.
"The way things are now, then do not say that our children will not go to prison, as Alison did," he said. "There, fishing, and the taxation, but it's the same question."
Krista Kapralos is a journalist based in the north-western Pacific, where she writes about American Indian tribes and religii.ns will be able to sell products on their own land without regard to outside tax laws. That might seem impossible now, but Frank is widely regarded as the driving force behind tribal fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest. He's seen the impossible happen before.
"The way things are now, there's nothing to say that our kids won't go to jail, just like Alison did," he says. "There's fishing, and there's taxation, but it's the same issue."
Krista Kapralos is a journalist based in the Pacific Northwest, where she writes about American Indian tribes and religion.
When Gottfriedson died last month at age 57, she was embroiled in yet another battle for Native sovereignty: the right to sell tax-free cigarettes in her smoke shop at Franks Landing, south of Seattle.
In its heyday, cars looped around the garish smoke shop awaiting their turn at the drive-through window, while lines of smokers stretched through the front door, emerging with stacks of cartons of Marlboros, Newports and Camels. Signs boasting rock-bottom prices were posted near tribal paraphernalia, making the message clear: These deals are possible only on Indian land. Federal law states that only Indians can buy tax-free cigarettes, and smoke-shop clerks are required to check IDs. But Gottfriedson - and countless other smoke-shop owners - sold tax-free tobacco to anyone.
It was a lucrative business. Gottfriedson and her husband, Hank, members of the Squaxin Island Tribe, made more than $ 20 million between 2001 and 2007, selling cigarettes to their customers for about half the price they would have cost anywhere else.
But in May 2007, Gottfriedson emerged from her home to find a row of guns pointed at her. A team of federal agents ransacked her smoke shop. Children at the nearby Wa He Lut School, which was largely funded by smoke-shop proceeds, watched the whole thing.
"I've always been controversial, ever since I was a girl," Gottfriedson said just weeks before her death.
Gottfriedson was one of dozens of Pacific Northwest Indians in recent years to face federal charges over the sale of untaxed cigarettes. She was ordered to repay $ 9.2 million in back taxes, but because she used the proceeds to benefit the tribe, the judge - impressed by the respect she enjoyed among Northwestern tribes - sentenced her to only five years' probation. State and federal officials say members of other tribes became cogs in the wheels of international cigarette smuggling operations and spent their profits on lavish homes and luxury cars, all in the name of tribal sovereignty.
According to 2003 estimates by Washington's Liquor Control Board, the state has lost up to $ 223 million each year from the sale of untaxed cigarettes, with 60 percent of that loss due to Indian-owned smoke shops. The battle has been simmering since at least 1980, when a federal court judge ruled that Washington has the right to tax tobacco sold to non-Indians and members of other tribes on the Colville Indian Reservation. Many tribes consider the decision a blow to sovereignty, says Melody McCoy of the Native American Rights Fund in Colorado.
"The court allowed the state taxing jurisdiction to leap over reservation boundaries," she says.
Washington state lawmakers decided in 2001 to negotiate compacts that require tribes to tax cigarettes sold to non-Indians but allow the tribes to keep the tax revenue. Lawmakers hoped the solution would appease the tribes without undercutting non-Indian sellers.
Since then, Washington has increased its tobacco tax to $ 2.025 per pack, the fifth-highest in the country. Even as many tribes sign compacts with the state, prosecutors are cracking down on Indians who sell untaxed smokes.
"If you have a retailer that's not collecting the tax and trumping their own economic interests over the community, I don't see that as sovereignty, I see that as greed," says Tate London, a Tlingit Indian and federal prosecutor.
Washington is a hotbed for counterfeit, smuggled and tax-free cigarettes because of its high tax, and because it shares a long border with Idaho, where sales laws are less stringent. That means smoke-shop owners in Washington can easily transport cheaper cigarettes from Idaho.
The state is also home to 29 federally recognized tribes who have a long history of fighting for rights originally guaranteed by treaties signed in the 1800s. Tribes here don't hold the same reverence for tobacco as do Indians in other regions, but they consider their rights sacred - especially the right to hunt, fish and conduct business in their own way.
There's no difference between the fight for fishing rights and the fight for the right to sell goods and services tax-free on Indian land, says Billy Frank, Gottfriedson's uncle and a respected Indian leader.
"They say Alison owed $ 9 million, but she didn't owe a dime," Frank says. "The federal government violated our sovereign rights."
Frank longs for the day when IndiaElison Gottfriedson was no stranger to breaking the state and federal laws. She was arrested several times as a teenager in the 1960's and 70's for fishing in areas that were outside of the Indians. She and her family eventually won a victory for Indians across the northwestern part - the right to half the harvest of fish in their traditional fishing areas.
When Gottfriedson died last month at the age of 57 years, it was covered by yet another battle for Native sovereignty: the right to sell tax-free cigarettes in his shop to smoke Franks landed south of Seattle.
In its heyday, cars looped around the blinding smoke shop, awaiting their turn at the drive-through window, while a line of smokers through the front door is stretched, resulting in stacks of packages Marlboros, Newports and Camels. Signs boast rock-bottom prices have been deployed near the tribe, making a clear message: These deals are only possible on the Indian lands. Federal law stipulates that only Indians can buy tax-free cigarettes, and smoke-shop employees are required to check identification cards. But Gottfriedson - and countless other smoke-shop owners - sold without a tax on tobacco products to persons.
It was a lucrative business. Gottfriedson and her husband, Hank, are members of the Squaxin Island tribe, made more than $ 20 million between 2001 and 2007, sales of cigarettes to its customers for about half the price they cost anywhere else.
But in May 2007, Gottfriedson emerged from his house to find a line of guns pointed at her. The group of federal agents ransacked her smoke shop. Children in nearby Wa He LUT school, which is largely funded by the smoke-shop revenues, looking at all this.
"I have always been controversial, ever since I was a little girl," Gottfriedson said, just weeks before her death.
Gottfriedson was one of dozens of Indian north-western Pacific Ocean in recent years to face federal charges for selling cigarettes tax-free. She was ordered to pay $ 9.2 million in the back taxes, but because it used the proceeds for the benefit of the tribe, the judge - impressed by the respect it enjoys among the tribes of North-West - sentenced her only five years probation. State and federal officials say members of other tribes became cogs in the wheels of international cigarette smuggling operation, and spent their earnings on lavish houses and luxury cars, all in the name of tribal sovereignty.
2003 is estimated Washington to control alcohol, the state has lost up to $ 223 million a year from the sale of taxable cigarettes, and 60 percent, losses in connection with Indian property smoke shops. The battle was Simmering at least since 1980, when a federal judge ruled that Washington has the right to tax tobacco sold to non-Indians and other tribes on the Colville Indian Reservation. Many tribes consider the decision to strike on the sovereignty, said Melody McCoy of the American Rights Fund in Colorado.
"The court allowed the state tax jurisdiction outside reservation boundaries jump," she said.
Washington state legislators decided in 2001 negotiations on treaties, which require tribal tax cigarettes sold to non-Indians, but also allows tribes to retain tax revenues. Legislators hope that a solution would be to appease the tribes, does not undermine the non-Indian retailers.
Since then, Washington has increased the tobacco tax to $ 2.025 per pack, the fifth largest in the country. Even now, when many tribes to sign treaties with the state, prosecutors are cracking down on the Indians, who sell tax-smokers.
"If you have any retail outlets that do not collect tax and surpass their own economic interests in society, I do not see that as sovereignty, I see as the greed, says Tate London, a Tlingit Indian and a federal prosecutor.
Washington is a hotbed for fraud, and tax-free import of cigarettes because of their high-tax, but also because it shares the border with Idaho, where the sale of the laws are less stringent. This means the smoke-shop owners in Washington is easy to transport cheaper cigarettes from Idaho.
The state also is home to 29 recognized federal tribes, who have a long history of fighting for the rights originally guaranteed by treaties signed in 1800. The tribes here did not hold the same reverence to tobacco as the Indians in other regions, but they consider their sacred rights - in particular the right to hunt, fish and conduct business in its own way.
There is no difference between the fight for the rights to fish, and the struggle for the right to sell goods and services without a tax on Indian land, said Billy Frank, Gottfriedson uncle and respected leader of the Indians.
"They say Alison debt of $ 9 million, but it is not obliged to a penny," said Frank. "The federal government has violated our sovereign rights."
Frank aspires to the day when Indians would be able to sell products on their own land, without regard to the external tax laws. This may seem impossible now, but Frank is widely regarded as the driving force of tribal fishing rights in the north-western Pacific Ocean. He saw the impossible happen before.
"The way things are now, then do not say that our children will not go to prison, as Alison did," he said. "There, fishing, and the taxation, but it's the same question."
Krista Kapralos is a journalist based in the north-western Pacific, where she writes about American Indian tribes and religii.ns will be able to sell products on their own land without regard to outside tax laws. That might seem impossible now, but Frank is widely regarded as the driving force behind tribal fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest. He's seen the impossible happen before.
"The way things are now, there's nothing to say that our kids won't go to jail, just like Alison did," he says. "There's fishing, and there's taxation, but it's the same issue."
Krista Kapralos is a journalist based in the Pacific Northwest, where she writes about American Indian tribes and religion.
Friday, April 24, 2009
About smoking and cigarettes!
Cigarettes are the most massive goods sold in the world - each year they sold for a sum of about a billion dollars. Revenue producing a total of nearly $ 400 billion, making the industry one of the most profitable in the world.
The content of nicotine in cigarettes is increasing the world's major brands, despite their assurances «ease», «natural», etc. The staff at Harvard University in conjunction with the Department of Health of the State of Massachusetts conducted a study that showed that between 1997 and 2005, the content of nicotine in cigarettes brand Camel, Newport and Doral risen by an average of 11 percent. There is no reason to believe that this trend is not observed in other brands - Humanity «accustomed» to nicotine, and to achieve the same narcotic effect of increasing demand.
In 1970, President Nixon signed the law, which banned cigarette advertising on television, but on boxes manufacturers are obliged to place a warning on the dangers of smoking. The last spot was shown in the New Year's Eve from 1970 to 1971 - this was done to the owners of television networks had to make the last big piece of money during the New Year broadcast football championship.
American tobacco corporations earn more money by selling their products to other countries than in the domestic market.
Again, the American brands Marlboro, Kool, Camel and Kent accounted for 70% of the world market of cigarettes.
In the cigarettes and products of combustion contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrocyanic acid, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and several dozen «useful» substances.
In 50 years of last century to make Kent cigarette filters containing a particular type of asbestos, which is quite dangerous for the lung substance.
To make special cigarettes «flavor» are often added urea, a major component of urine.
«Cork Tip» ( «cork» filter) was invented in 192 was a Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz, who invented the process of manufacturing of corrugated filter paper. In subsequent years, many manufacturers claim that the use of various new technologies and materials in the manufacture of cigarette filters, but in reality the vast majority of them used the Hungarian invention, slightly or not at all altered.
In most countries the minimum age for a person who is allowed to buy tobacco products increased from 16 to 18 years. In Japan, that age is 20 years.
Despite the fact that the sale of cigarettes nepolnoletnim is a crime, in fact smoking is not illegal at any age. This is regulated in 100% of the environment, upbringing and parents.
In a world becoming increasingly popular practice of «Smoking bans», which means a ban on smoking in public places. Unfortunately, in the CIS it is not in the principle ...
Scientists have calculated that smoking, on average, people live on less than 14 years. This does not mean that smokers die young - many live to venerable age. But what then life begins ...
Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds after zatyazhki.On present with all parts of the body, as well as in breast milk.
A variety of sugar compounds may account for up to 20% by weight of cigarettes, as many of Diabetics do not know. The effect of entering into a product of combustion of sugar is still unknown.
«Lungs» cigarettes are made by soaking tobacco weight carbon dioxide, while tobacco «churn», fill, and this mass of cigarettes. It turns out that such a cigarette contains less tobacco than in the «heavy», but the difference is very small, and the unknown, how harmful to the organism such «foam».
Observed that smokers "« podsazhivayutsya »to light a cigarette and mentolovye is much stronger than normal, so that the amount of nicotine entering the body they are no less severe than that of smokers who use conventional cigarettes.
Some kinds of light cigarettes contain a special filter channels in order to respirable smoke mixed with air. Interestingly, some advanced smokers to hold a special cigarette, closing these channels, to the effect of smoking would be stronger.
Most sigaretka comes after the meal for the «best usvayaemosti». In doing so, the body redirects the main effort to neutralize the action of combustion products of tobacco and the withdrawal of products, causing food to digest more, causing a confidence that the process is more «completely».
Some men initiates type elegant ladies, volume prolonged sigaretkoy. The roots of this fetish is usually left in early childhood. We should add that the smoking of cigarettes, especially mentolovyh, is the outflow of blood from the penis, so if you want to achieve success in this endeavor - to smoke should not be.
According to the various regulatory services, one out of every four cigarettes in the world smuggle.
The majority of smokers acquire the bad habits in adolescence, when to buy their own cigarettes have not, but smoking is perceived by them as a sign of «vzroslosti», along with shaving, carrying knives, alcohol, drugs and sexual experiences.
Smoker often argues that in the process of smoking, he feels confident, relaxation, attentiveness, concentration and other sensations. In fact, smoking causes in humans are precisely the effects that he wants to feel. Cigarettes - the most powerful placebo (a medicine, the effect of which - in the belief) that leads to a strong and long-term dependency.
There are some materials and technological processes (natural, proprietary, and usually closed), which increase the effect of nicotine on several occasions, compared with just smoking tobacco leaf.
To improve the taste, smell of cigarettes they can add cloves, lakrichnik, orange oil, apricot pits, lemon oil, Lavender oil, fennel, cocoa, carrot extract, nutmeg, myrrh, beet juice, oak leaves, rum, vinegar.
The content of nicotine in cigarettes is increasing the world's major brands, despite their assurances «ease», «natural», etc. The staff at Harvard University in conjunction with the Department of Health of the State of Massachusetts conducted a study that showed that between 1997 and 2005, the content of nicotine in cigarettes brand Camel, Newport and Doral risen by an average of 11 percent. There is no reason to believe that this trend is not observed in other brands - Humanity «accustomed» to nicotine, and to achieve the same narcotic effect of increasing demand.
In 1970, President Nixon signed the law, which banned cigarette advertising on television, but on boxes manufacturers are obliged to place a warning on the dangers of smoking. The last spot was shown in the New Year's Eve from 1970 to 1971 - this was done to the owners of television networks had to make the last big piece of money during the New Year broadcast football championship.
American tobacco corporations earn more money by selling their products to other countries than in the domestic market.
Again, the American brands Marlboro, Kool, Camel and Kent accounted for 70% of the world market of cigarettes.
In the cigarettes and products of combustion contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrocyanic acid, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and several dozen «useful» substances.
In 50 years of last century to make Kent cigarette filters containing a particular type of asbestos, which is quite dangerous for the lung substance.
To make special cigarettes «flavor» are often added urea, a major component of urine.
«Cork Tip» ( «cork» filter) was invented in 192 was a Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz, who invented the process of manufacturing of corrugated filter paper. In subsequent years, many manufacturers claim that the use of various new technologies and materials in the manufacture of cigarette filters, but in reality the vast majority of them used the Hungarian invention, slightly or not at all altered.
In most countries the minimum age for a person who is allowed to buy tobacco products increased from 16 to 18 years. In Japan, that age is 20 years.
Despite the fact that the sale of cigarettes nepolnoletnim is a crime, in fact smoking is not illegal at any age. This is regulated in 100% of the environment, upbringing and parents.
In a world becoming increasingly popular practice of «Smoking bans», which means a ban on smoking in public places. Unfortunately, in the CIS it is not in the principle ...
Scientists have calculated that smoking, on average, people live on less than 14 years. This does not mean that smokers die young - many live to venerable age. But what then life begins ...
Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds after zatyazhki.On present with all parts of the body, as well as in breast milk.
A variety of sugar compounds may account for up to 20% by weight of cigarettes, as many of Diabetics do not know. The effect of entering into a product of combustion of sugar is still unknown.
«Lungs» cigarettes are made by soaking tobacco weight carbon dioxide, while tobacco «churn», fill, and this mass of cigarettes. It turns out that such a cigarette contains less tobacco than in the «heavy», but the difference is very small, and the unknown, how harmful to the organism such «foam».
Observed that smokers "« podsazhivayutsya »to light a cigarette and mentolovye is much stronger than normal, so that the amount of nicotine entering the body they are no less severe than that of smokers who use conventional cigarettes.
Some kinds of light cigarettes contain a special filter channels in order to respirable smoke mixed with air. Interestingly, some advanced smokers to hold a special cigarette, closing these channels, to the effect of smoking would be stronger.
Most sigaretka comes after the meal for the «best usvayaemosti». In doing so, the body redirects the main effort to neutralize the action of combustion products of tobacco and the withdrawal of products, causing food to digest more, causing a confidence that the process is more «completely».
Some men initiates type elegant ladies, volume prolonged sigaretkoy. The roots of this fetish is usually left in early childhood. We should add that the smoking of cigarettes, especially mentolovyh, is the outflow of blood from the penis, so if you want to achieve success in this endeavor - to smoke should not be.
According to the various regulatory services, one out of every four cigarettes in the world smuggle.
The majority of smokers acquire the bad habits in adolescence, when to buy their own cigarettes have not, but smoking is perceived by them as a sign of «vzroslosti», along with shaving, carrying knives, alcohol, drugs and sexual experiences.
Smoker often argues that in the process of smoking, he feels confident, relaxation, attentiveness, concentration and other sensations. In fact, smoking causes in humans are precisely the effects that he wants to feel. Cigarettes - the most powerful placebo (a medicine, the effect of which - in the belief) that leads to a strong and long-term dependency.
There are some materials and technological processes (natural, proprietary, and usually closed), which increase the effect of nicotine on several occasions, compared with just smoking tobacco leaf.
To improve the taste, smell of cigarettes they can add cloves, lakrichnik, orange oil, apricot pits, lemon oil, Lavender oil, fennel, cocoa, carrot extract, nutmeg, myrrh, beet juice, oak leaves, rum, vinegar.
Monday, March 16, 2009
Cigars and Cigarettes
Cigar and cigarette, tubular rolls of tobacco designed for smoking. Cigars consist of filler leaves held together by binder leaves and covered with a wrapper leaf, which is rolled spirally around the binder. Cigarettes consist of finely shredded tobacco enclosed in a paper wrapper, and they often have a filter tip at the end. They are usually shorter and narrower than cigars. In pre-Columbian times, indigenous peoples of the West Indies and of parts of Central and
Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, aldehydes, and a number of organic tar compounds. The use of filter-tipped cigarettes increased in the
Recognizing that the smoking of tobacco is addictive, pharmaceutical companies have developed chewing gum and transdermal skin patches that introduce nicotine into the body while the person tries to “kick the habit” and refrain from smoking. Scientific studies suggest that smoking can cause complications in pregnancy, and that “passive smoking,” the inhalation of smoke from others' cigars or cigarettes, has effects similar to smoking. Vigorous antismoking campaigning has been accompanied by a number of successful efforts to ban smoking in public places.
Cigarette manufacturers in the United States were faced with serious legal and financial threats in the mid- and late 1990s as a result of health-related lawsuits brought by U.S. states and by individuals, and also were confronted with further attempts at government regulation. Disputes with the states were settled in 1998 when the industry agreed to pay 46 states $206 billion over 25 years (four states had earlier been paid a total of $40 billion to resolve their separate lawsuits), but individuals continued to seek damages for illnesses that they maintained were caused by smoking cigarettes. Where
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